Photovoltaic panel, also known as solar panel or photovoltaic module, is a device that converts sunlight into electricity. It consists of multiple solar cells which convert solar energy into direct current (DC) electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

The main component of a photovoltaic panel is the solar cell, typically made of silicon material. Solar cells are composed of thin wafers of semiconductor material, with the most common types being monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon. These solar cells form a PN junction structure by sandwiching two different charge layers, allowing them to generate electron-hole pairs when sunlight hits the surface of the cell. The electric field within the cell then separates the charge carriers, resulting in an electric current.

Photovoltaic panels are designed to efficiently absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. They are typically constructed by connecting multiple solar cells together in a specific arrangement and encapsulating them with a transparent protective layer for durability and weather resistance.

Photovoltaic panels can be used in various applications, including residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, as well as solar power plants. They are a key component in the field of renewable energy, contributing significantly to clean and sustainable energy generation.